Objective: Mental illness is an important public health concern, often starting early in life and particularly impacting children from low-and middle-income countries. Our aims were to 1) determine, in a representative sample of public preschool 4- to 5-year old children in Brazil, the prevalence of internalizing and externalizing disorders and socioemotional development delays; and 2) to identify modifiable risk factors associated with mental, behavioral, or developmental disorders (MBDD), such as microsystem (i.e., parent-child relationship), mesosystem (social support), and macrosystem contextual factors (neighborhood disadvantage). Methods: A random sample of public preschool children was recruited in the city of Embu das Artes (São Paulo metropolitan area) (n=1,292 from 30 public preschools). Six-month prevalence of MBDD was measured using the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) and the Ages and Stages Questionnaires: Social-Emotional (ASQ:SE). Results: Six-month prevalence estimates were 25.4% for internalizing disorders, 12.1% for externalizing disorders, and 30.3% for socioemotional development delays. MBDD prevalence estimates were higher in families with stressful relationships and parental depression or anxiety, and in families with lower social capital. Conclusion: At least 25% of preschool children living in an urban area in Brazil presented a mental health disorder. These mental disorder were associated with modifiable factors such as stressful family relationships and lower social capital. Prevention and intervention measures such as family therapy are needed to decrease such high prevalence.

OZONE APPLICATIONS AND IMPLICATIONS FOR INDUSTRY, ENVIRONMENT, AND HEALTH. Stratospheric ozone is an efficient filter for ultraviolet radiation, which damages organisms’ lives exposed to sunlight. In the troposphere, ozone is essential to oxidate volatile organic compounds, but its effects are harmful to animals and plants, particularly humans. The high reactivity of ozone with some organic compounds makes it a promising agent for several applications, such as microbiological control and the medical field. However, their contact with surfaces containing unsaturated substances and other compounds can result in the formation of products that are harmful to human health or distort the organoleptic and structural properties of food. The results available in the literature are often divergent as to their safety and economic viability. Despite this, there are many cases of dermatological applications, and as sanitizing agents in several environments. Antiviral and bactericide properties were that guided the expansion of ozone application in the current coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19). However, more studies should be carried out to comprove its effectiveness, considering possible damages resulting from these applications.

RESUMO A poluição atmosférica e o aquecimento global são problemas que vêm se agravando ao longo das décadas devido, principalmente, as atividades antrópicas. Os processos de combustão nas indústrias e nos veículos automotores liberam na atmosfera quantidades consideráveis de poluentes gasosos e material particulado. Neste contexto, o presente trabalho buscou avaliar a eficiência do carvão ativado convencional e impregnado com 5% de nióbio na adsorção de monóxido de carbono. Os adsorventes foram caraterizados por análises de espectroscopia no infravermelho por transformada de Fourier - FTIR, microscopia eletrônica de varredura - MEV, adsorção/dessorção de N2 e difratometria de raios X - DRX. Os estudos de adsorção dinâmica foram realizados com massa de adsorvente igual a 3,5 g, em leito fixo com vazão de 500 mL min-1 de mistura de 500 ppm de CO em N2, com sistema de análise gasosa com célula eletroquímica, em temperatura ambiente. Pelos resultados das caracterizações, observou-se que a presença de nióbio na estrutura do adsorvente levou a uma diminuição na área superficial e volume de poros do carvão ativado, porém com um certo aumento das dimensões dos poros observado por MEV. Em relação aos ensaios de adsorção, o resultado de melhor eficiência ocorreu com o adsorvente carvão/5% de nióbio; a presença do metal no material adsorvente resultou em um aumento no teor de oxigênio, favorecendo o processo de adsorção. Os dados experimentais de adsorção em leito fixo, para ambos os adsorventes, obedeceram um modelo de distribuição não-linear sigmoidal de Boltzmann. Pelos resultados dos ensaios de adsorção de CO, pode-se afirmar que os desempenhos dos adsorventes foram eficazes, sendo um processo promissor na minimização de emissões desse poluente.

ABSTRACT Air pollution and global warming are problems that have been worsening over the decades mainly due to human activities. The combustion process in industries and motor vehicles releases considerable amounts of gaseous pollutants into the atmosphere. In this context, the present work aims to evaluate the efficiency of conventional activated carbon and impregnated with 5% niobium in the adsorption of carbon monoxide. The adsorbents were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy - FTIR, scanning electron microscopy - SEM, N2 adsorption / desorption and X-ray diffraction - XRD. The dynamic adsorption studies were carried out with an adsorbent mass equal to 3.5 g in a fixed bed with a flow rate of 500 mL min-1 of a mixture of 500 ppm CO in N2 with a gas analysis system with an electrochemical cell at room temperature. From the results of the characterizations, it was possible to observe that the presence of niobium in the adsorbent structure led to a decrease in the surface area and pore volume of the activated carbon, but with a certain increase in the pore dimensions observed by SEM. Regarding the adsorption tests, the result of better efficiency occurred with the adsorbent coal / 5% niobium, the presence of niobium in the adsorbent material obtained an increase in oxygen, favoring the adsorption process. The experimental data of fixed bed adsorption for both adsorbents obeyed a Boltzmann sigmoidal nonlinear distribution model. The results of the CO adsorption tests can be said that the performance of the adsorbents conventional activated carbon and activated carbon with impregnated niobium are effective in the adsorption of CO, being a promising process in minimizing carbon monoxide emissions.

OBJETIVO: Avaliar o conhecimento médico sobre as imunodeficiências primárias na cidade de São Paulo (SP). MÉTODOS: Um questionário de 14 questões sobre as imunodeficiências primárias foi aplicado a médicos que trabalhavam em hospitais gerais. Uma das questões apresentava 25 situações clínicas que poderiam ou não estar associadas às imunodeficiências primárias, e a porcentagem de respostas apropriadas gerou um indicador de conhecimento. RESULTADOS: Participaram do estudo 746 médicos, dentre os quais 215 pediatras (28,8%), 244 cirurgiões (32,7%) e 287 clínicos (38,5%). Cerca de 70% dos médicos responderam ter aprendido sobre as imunodeficiências primárias na graduação ou na residência médica. O atendimento a pacientes que usam antibióticos com frequência foi relatado por 75% dos médicos, mas apenas 34,1% já haviam investigado algum paciente e 77,8% não conheciam os dez sinais de alerta para as imunodeficiências primárias. O indicador de conhecimento obtido apresentou uma média de 45,72% (±17,87). Apenas 26,6% dos pediatras e 6,6% tanto dos clínicos quanto dos cirurgiões apresentaram indicador de conhecimento de pelo menos 67% (equivalente à resposta apropriada em dois terços das situações clínicas). CONCLUSÃO: Há uma deficiência no conhecimento médico das imunodeficiências primárias na cidade de São Paulo, mesmo entre os pediatras, a despeito do maior contato com o tema nos últimos anos. A melhora da informação sobre as imunodeficiências primárias entre a comunidade médica é um importante passo para o diagnóstico e o tratamento precoces dessas doenças.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate medical knowledge of primary immunodeficiency in the city of São Paulo (SP). METHODS: A 14-item questionnaire about primary immunodeficiency was applied to physicians who worked at general hospitals. One of the questions presented 25 clinical situations that could be associated or not with primary immunodeficiency, and the percentage of appropriate answers generated a knowledge indicator. RESULTS: Seven hundred and forty-six participated in the study, among them 215 pediatricians (28.8%), 244 surgeons (32.7%), and 287 clinicians (38.5%). About 70% of the physicians responded that they had learned about primary immunodeficiency in graduate school or in residency training. Treatment of patients that use antibiotics frequently was reported by 75% dos physicians, but only 34.1% had already investigated a patient and 77.8% said they did not know the ten warning signs for primary immunodeficiency. The knowledge indicator obtained showed a mean of 45.72% (±17.87). Only 26.6% if the pediatricians and 6.6% of clinicians and surgeons showed a knowledge indicator of at least 67% (equivalent to an appropriate answer in two thirds of the clinical situations). CONCLUSION: There is a deficit in medical knowledge of primary immunodeficiency in the city of São Paulo, even among pediatricians, despite having greater contact with the theme over the last few years. The improvement of information on primary immunodeficiency in the medical community is an important step towards the diagnosis and treatment process of these diseases.

Um método fluorimétrico foi adaptado para determinação de amônia no ar ambiente. A coleta da amostra foi feita em filtros de celulose impregnados com ácido oxálico, seguida pela solubilização do íon amônio, adição dos reagentes e determinação fluorimétrica. Alguns parâmetros analíticos importantes foram avaliados, tais como tempo e vazão de amostragem. Formaldeído, dietilamina e sulfeto de hidrogênio não interferiram no método. A curva analítica apresentou linearidade até pelo menos 34 ppbv, em vazão e tempo de amostragem respectivos de 0,3 L min-1 e 20 min. Nestas condições, o limite de detecção alcançado foi de 3 ppbv. O método proposto aqui apresentou resultados similares ao método colorimétrico do indofenol, porém necessitou de um tempo de amostragem menor. Mostrou ser de fácil aplicação, sendo útil para medir baixas concentrações de amônia e possíveis flutuações na sua concentração em intervalos de tempo curtos, como 20 min.

A fluorimetric method was developed for the determination of ammonia in ambient air. Samples were collected using cellulose filters impregnated with oxalic acid, followed by solubilization of the ammonium ion, addition of reagents and fluorimetric detection. Important analytical parameters that were evaluated included sampling time and flow rate. Formaldehyde, diethylamine and hydrogen sulfide did not interfere in the method. The analytical curve was linear up to at least 34 ppbv of ammonia, using a sample flow rate of 0.3 L min-1 and a sampling time of 20 min. The limit of detection achieved under these conditions was 3 ppbv. The proposed method offers advantages compared to the indophenol colorimetric method, especially the ability to use a shorter sampling time. The method proved to be easy to apply, and should be useful in applications where measurements of low concentrations of ammonia are required, or where there are rapid fluctuations in ammonia concentrations over periods as short as 20 min.

Um método simples e sensível, baseado em uma gota líquida, é descrito para medida do ozônio atmosférico. Uma gota de 30 µL de solução de índigo azul é suspensa em uma corrente de ar para amostragem. O ozônio coletado reage com a solução de índigo azul, provocando seu descoramento. O sensor colorimétrico é composto por duas fibras ópticas; a fonte de luz monocromática usada foi um LED vermelho (625 nm). A curva analítica foi construída com concentrações padrão de ozônio, na faixa de 37 a 123 ppbv. O limite de detecção alcançado foi 7,3 ppbv. O método considerado mostrou-se de fácil aplicação e resposta rápida, com um tempo total de análise de apenas 5 minutos.

A simple and sensitive method based on a liquid droplet is described for the measurement of atmospheric ozone. A 30 µL drop of indigo blue solution is suspended in a flowing-air sampling stream. The ozone collected reacts with the indigo solution resulting in its decolorization. The colorimetric sensor is composed of two optical fibers and the source of monochromatic light was a red LED (625 nm). The calibration curve was constructed with ozone standard concentrations ranging from 37 - 123 ppbv. The detection limit achieved was 7.3 ppbv. The method considered here showed itself to be easy to apply with a fast response and a total analysis time of only 5 minutes.

Ammonia is the most common alkaline gas of the atmosphere, being important in the neutralization of various processes that occur in the atmosphere. Its main sources of emission are the decomposition of organic matter and dejections of animals. Ammonia is used by man in diverse activities of production, therefore it is a gas that can contaminate work environments. Measurements of ammonia concentration in some parts of the world have shown great spatial and weather variation. This large variability makes it difficult to estimate the input of reduced nitrogen to different ecosystems from measurements.

Os óxidos de nitrogênio e a amônia são os mais importantes compostos gasosos nitrogenados emitidos para a atmosfera e possuem grande interesse ambiental. Na atmosfera, esses compostos podem sofrer diversas reações resultando em mudanças nas propriedades químicas e físicas da atmosfera. Atividades humanas, principalmente relacionadas com produção de alimentos, energia e uso de fertilizantes têm aumentado as emissões dessas espécies nitrogenadas para o ambiente, causando distúrbios no seu ciclo natural. Com o objetivo de avaliar as variações dos níveis de concentração e inferir sobre os processos de remoção de compostos de nitrogênio da atmosfera na região de Araraquara, foram feitas determinações em paralelo de amônia (NH3) e dióxido de nitrogênio (NO2). Os resultados de concentração mostraram a estreita correlação entre esses compostos na atmosfera, que sugerem diferentes processos de remoção em diferentes épocas do ano.

Nitrogen oxides and ammonia are important nitrogen compounds which are emitted to the atmosphere. They are very important substances in the environment. In the atmosphere, these substances may undergo diverse reactions that result in changes of chemical and physical atmosphere's property. Atmospheric removal mechanisms of nitrogen substances may ocurr either dry deposition or wet deposition. Human activity such as food production, energy and fertilizer have increased the nitrogen emissons to environment, causing disturbances in the natural nitrogen cicle. Parallel determinations of ammonia (NH3) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) were made to assess variations of concentration and to infer about removal processes theses nitrogen compounds of Araraquara's atmosphere. Results showed the narrow relationship between these substances in the studied atmosphere. This relationship between ammonia and nitrogen dioxide suggested different removal processes at different periods during the year.